Fossils from Brazil

Brazil has an exceptional fossil record, with several formations that are well known both within paleontology and to collectors.

The Crato Formation, from the Early Cretaceous, is one of the most famous. It produces finely preserved fossils from a former lake environment — including fish, insects, plants, and the occasional small dinosaur or pterosaur. Many of these fossils are found in laminated limestone and are often beautifully detailed.

Closely associated is the Romualdo Formation, also Cretaceous in age, which is known for more three-dimensional preservation — particularly of fish, reptiles, and pterosaurs. Fossils from this unit are often found in nodules, sometimes with partial articulation, and can be spectacular when prepared properly.

The Adamantina Formation, part of the larger Bauru Group, is a Late Cretaceous unit notable for dinosaur remains, including theropods and titanosaurs. Preservation can be variable, but some very good material has been found — both body fossils and eggs.

The Marília Formation is also within the Bauru Group and has yielded dinosaur remains, including sauropods and abelisaurids, as well as fossil turtles and crocodyliforms. It’s one of the more productive inland Cretaceous units.

The Itaboraí Formation, from the Cenozoic, is a small but important site. It is especially significant for early mammals, including some of the earliest known South American ungulates and marsupials. The fossils are often found in fissure fills within limestone quarries.

The Santa Maria Formation, in the south of Brazil, is much older — Late Triassic in age. It’s part of the Paraná Basin and is known for early dinosaurs and other archosaurs. Fossils here are mostly of scientific interest and provide important insight into pre-Jurassic faunal assemblages in South America.

Brazil’s fossil sites are highly varied in age and content, and several have produced world-class specimens. However, exports are strictly controlled, and most significant finds remain within the country.

Brazil